Initial reflections on the concept of “post-shamanism”
elaborating the cultural context and magical repertoire of the finno-karelian tietäjä
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35355/revistafenix.v21i1.1320Keywords:
Shamanism, history of religions, history of magic, finnish mythologyAbstract
Our paper aims to lead to some reflections regarding the necessity of emergence of the term “post-shamanism”, pointing out the lack of conceptual and analytical terms to describe societies with a shamanic past that afterwards went through cultural revolutions and syncretism after which the shamanic ideologies needed to be renegotiated in order to strive on new cultural contexts. As an example of this theoretical necessity, we have elected the cultural context of Finland and Karelia where a class of ritual specialists called tietäjät were known and have operated.
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References
ABERCROMBY, John. The Pre- and Proto-historic Finns, both Eastern and Western – with the Magic Songs of the West Finns. Londres: David Nutt, 1898.
ALVES, Victor Hugo Sampaio. A definição fenomenológica de Eliade para o xamanismo: alguns contrapontos oferecidos pela perspectiva culturalista e um caso ilustrativo da tradição fino-careliana dos tietäjät. PLURA – Revista de Estudos de Religião, v. 13, n. 1, 2022, pp. 268-298.
ALVES, Victor Hugo Sampaio. Deuses do trovão. In: LANGER, Johnni (org.). Dicionário de História das Religiões na Antiguidade e Medievo, Petrópolis: Vozes, 2020, pp. 158-161.
ARUKASK, Madis. Notes on Finnic Folk Culture from the Perspective of Shamanism. In: MÁTTEFFY, Attila & SZABADOS, György (eds.). Shamanhood and Mythology: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy and Current Techniques of Research, Budapeste, 2017, pp. 15-26.
BÄCKMAN, Louise & HULTKRANTZ, Åke. Studies in Lapp Shamanism. Estocolmo: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978.
DUBOIS, Thomas. Nordic religions in the Viking Age. Pensilvânia: University of Pensylvannia Press, 1999.
ELIADE, Mircea. O Xamanismo e as técnicas arcaicas do êxtase. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1999 [1951].
FROG. O berserkr nórdico, o tiëtäjä fino-careliano e uma história de tecnologias rituais. Scandia – Journal of Medieval Norse Studies, n. 2, 2019a, pp. 232-287.
FROG. Approaching Ideologies of Things Made of Language: A Case Study of a Finno-Karelian Incantation Technology. Folkloristika: Journal of the Serbian Folklore Society, n. 4, v. 1, 2019b, pp. 211-257.
FROG. Understanding Embodiment through Lived Religion: A Look at Vernacular Physiologies in an Old Norse Milieu. In: Rova, Jackson et al. (eds.). Myth, Materiality, and Lived Religion: In Merovingian and Viking Scandinavia, Estocolmo, 2019c, pp. 269-301.
FROG. Shamans, Christians, and Things in between: From Finnic-Germanic Contacts to the Conversion of Karelia. In: SŁUPECKI, Leszek (ed.), SIMEK, Rudolf (ed.). Conversions: Looking for Ideological Change in the Early Middle Ages, 2013, pp. 53-97.
FROG. Confluence, Continuity and Change in the Evolution of Mythology: The Case of the Finno-Karelian Sampo-Cycle. In: FROG; SIIKALA, Anna-Leena & STEPANOVA, Eila (eds.). Mythic Discourses: Studies in Uralic Traditions, Helsinque: Finnish Literature Society, 2012, pp. 205-254.
HARVEY, Graham & WALLIS, Robert J. Historical Dictionary of Shamanism. Toronto: The Scarecrow Press, 2007.
HOPPÁL, Mihály. Studies on Mythology and Uralic Shamanism. Budapeste: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2000.
HOPPÁL, Mihály. Traces of Shamanism in Hungarian Folk Beliefs. In: SIIKALA, Anna-Leena & HOPPÁL, Mihály (ed.). Studies on Shamanism, Budapeste, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1992, pp. 156-168.
HULTKRANTZ, Åke. Ecological and Phenomenological Aspects of Shamanism. In: DIÓSZEGI, Vilmos (ed.) & HOPPÁL, Mihály (ed). Shamanism in Siberia, 1978, pp. 27-57.
MIRANDA, Pablo Gomes de. Xamanismo e mito na Escandinávia Medieval. Revista Campo do Saber, v. 5, n. 2, 2019, pp. 13-25.
MITCHELL, Stephen. Witchcraft and Magic in the Nordic Middle Ages. Pensilvânia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
OINAS, Felix. The Balto-Finnic Epics. In: OINAS, Felix (ed.). Heroic Epic and Saga: An Introduction to the World’s Great Folk Epics. Indiana: University Press, 1978, pp. 286-310.
PENTIKÄINEN, Juha. Kalevala Mythology: Expanded Edition. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1999.
PRICE, Neil. The Viking Way: magic and mind in late iron age Scandinavia. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2019.
SIIKALA, Anna-Leena. Siberian and Inner Asian Shamanism. JONES, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion, 2005. pp. 8.280-8.286.
SIIKALA, Anna-Leena. Mythic Images and Shamanism: a Perspective on Kalevala Poetry. Helsinque: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2002.
SIIKALA, Anna-Leena. Body, Performance, and Agency in Kalevala Rune-Singing. In: Oral Tradition, n. 15, v. 2, pp. 255-278, 2000.
SIIKALA, Anna-Leena. The Rite Technique of the Siberian Shaman. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1978.
STARK, Laura. The Magical Self: Body, Society and the Supernatural in Early Modern Rural Finland. Helsinque: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2006.
TARKKA, Lotte. Songs of the Border People: Genre, Reflexivity, and Performance in Karelian Orthodox Poetry. Helsinque: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2013.
TOLLEY, Clive. Shamanism in Norse Myth and Magic, vol. 1. Helsinque: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2009.
VIRTANEN, Leea & DUBOIS, Thomas. Finnish Folklore. Helsinque: Studia Fennica Folkloristica 9, 2000.
ZNAMENSKI, Andrei. The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and the Western Imagination. Oxford: University Press, 2007.
WILSON, Kendra. Seiðr and (Sámi) Shamanism: Definitions, Sources, and Identities. In: AHOLA, Joonas & FROG (eds.). Folklore and Old Norse Mythology. Helsinque: Kalevala Society, 2021, pp. 215-246.
ALVES, Victor Hugo Sampaio. A definição fenomenológica de Eliade para o xamanismo: alguns contrapontos oferecidos pela perspectiva culturalista e um caso ilustrativo da tradição fino-careliana dos tietäjät. PLURA – Revista de Estudos de Religião, v. 13, n. 1, 2022, pp. 268-298.
ALVES, Victor Hugo Sampaio. Deuses do trovão. In: LANGER, Johnni (org.). Dicionário de História das Religiões na Antiguidade e Medievo, Petrópolis: Vozes, 2020, pp. 158-161.
ARUKASK, Madis. Notes on Finnic Folk Culture from the Perspective of Shamanism. In: MÁTTEFFY, Attila & SZABADOS, György (eds.). Shamanhood and Mythology: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy and Current Techniques of Research, Budapeste, 2017, pp. 15-26.
BÄCKMAN, Louise & HULTKRANTZ, Åke. Studies in Lapp Shamanism. Estocolmo: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1978.
DUBOIS, Thomas. Nordic religions in the Viking Age. Pensilvânia: University of Pensylvannia Press, 1999.
ELIADE, Mircea. O Xamanismo e as técnicas arcaicas do êxtase. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1999 [1951].
FROG. O berserkr nórdico, o tiëtäjä fino-careliano e uma história de tecnologias rituais. Scandia – Journal of Medieval Norse Studies, n. 2, 2019a, pp. 232-287.
FROG. Approaching Ideologies of Things Made of Language: A Case Study of a Finno-Karelian Incantation Technology. Folkloristika: Journal of the Serbian Folklore Society, n. 4, v. 1, 2019b, pp. 211-257.
FROG. Understanding Embodiment through Lived Religion: A Look at Vernacular Physiologies in an Old Norse Milieu. In: Rova, Jackson et al. (eds.). Myth, Materiality, and Lived Religion: In Merovingian and Viking Scandinavia, Estocolmo, 2019c, pp. 269-301.
FROG. Shamans, Christians, and Things in between: From Finnic-Germanic Contacts to the Conversion of Karelia. In: SŁUPECKI, Leszek (ed.), SIMEK, Rudolf (ed.). Conversions: Looking for Ideological Change in the Early Middle Ages, 2013, pp. 53-97.
FROG. Confluence, Continuity and Change in the Evolution of Mythology: The Case of the Finno-Karelian Sampo-Cycle. In: FROG; SIIKALA, Anna-Leena & STEPANOVA, Eila (eds.). Mythic Discourses: Studies in Uralic Traditions, Helsinque: Finnish Literature Society, 2012, pp. 205-254.
HARVEY, Graham & WALLIS, Robert J. Historical Dictionary of Shamanism. Toronto: The Scarecrow Press, 2007.
HOPPÁL, Mihály. Studies on Mythology and Uralic Shamanism. Budapeste: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2000.
HOPPÁL, Mihály. Traces of Shamanism in Hungarian Folk Beliefs. In: SIIKALA, Anna-Leena & HOPPÁL, Mihály (ed.). Studies on Shamanism, Budapeste, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1992, pp. 156-168.
HULTKRANTZ, Åke. Ecological and Phenomenological Aspects of Shamanism. In: DIÓSZEGI, Vilmos (ed.) & HOPPÁL, Mihály (ed). Shamanism in Siberia, 1978, pp. 27-57.
MIRANDA, Pablo Gomes de. Xamanismo e mito na Escandinávia Medieval. Revista Campo do Saber, v. 5, n. 2, 2019, pp. 13-25.
MITCHELL, Stephen. Witchcraft and Magic in the Nordic Middle Ages. Pensilvânia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
OINAS, Felix. The Balto-Finnic Epics. In: OINAS, Felix (ed.). Heroic Epic and Saga: An Introduction to the World’s Great Folk Epics. Indiana: University Press, 1978, pp. 286-310.
PENTIKÄINEN, Juha. Kalevala Mythology: Expanded Edition. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1999.
PRICE, Neil. The Viking Way: magic and mind in late iron age Scandinavia. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2019.
SIIKALA, Anna-Leena. Siberian and Inner Asian Shamanism. JONES, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion, 2005. pp. 8.280-8.286.
SIIKALA, Anna-Leena. Mythic Images and Shamanism: a Perspective on Kalevala Poetry. Helsinque: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2002.
SIIKALA, Anna-Leena. Body, Performance, and Agency in Kalevala Rune-Singing. In: Oral Tradition, n. 15, v. 2, pp. 255-278, 2000.
SIIKALA, Anna-Leena. The Rite Technique of the Siberian Shaman. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1978.
STARK, Laura. The Magical Self: Body, Society and the Supernatural in Early Modern Rural Finland. Helsinque: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2006.
TARKKA, Lotte. Songs of the Border People: Genre, Reflexivity, and Performance in Karelian Orthodox Poetry. Helsinque: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2013.
TOLLEY, Clive. Shamanism in Norse Myth and Magic, vol. 1. Helsinque: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2009.
VIRTANEN, Leea & DUBOIS, Thomas. Finnish Folklore. Helsinque: Studia Fennica Folkloristica 9, 2000.
ZNAMENSKI, Andrei. The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and the Western Imagination. Oxford: University Press, 2007.
WILSON, Kendra. Seiðr and (Sámi) Shamanism: Definitions, Sources, and Identities. In: AHOLA, Joonas & FROG (eds.). Folklore and Old Norse Mythology. Helsinque: Kalevala Society, 2021, pp. 215-246.
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Published
2024-06-27
How to Cite
ALVES Sampaio, V. H. (2024). Initial reflections on the concept of “post-shamanism”: elaborating the cultural context and magical repertoire of the finno-karelian tietäjä. Fênix - Revista De História E Estudos Culturais, 21(1), 508–538. https://doi.org/10.35355/revistafenix.v21i1.1320
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